Resumo
This study aimed to gather evidences of validity and reliability of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD). Two studies were performed. In Study 1, participants were 207 people from the general population, who answered the DTDD and the Big Five Inventory. A Principal Component analysis revealed a three-factor structure: Machiavellianism (α = 0.85), narcissism (α = 0.84) and psychopathy (α = 0.72), which were negatively correlated with agreeableness. In study 2, participants were 300 people from the general population, who answered the DTDD. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the bifactor model (e.g., CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.92; and RMSEA = 0.07). In conclusion, this measure shows acceptable psychometric parameters, justifying its use to research purposes.Referências
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V) (5ª ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440-450. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
Andrade, J. M. (2008). Evidências de validade do Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade para o Brasil. Tese de Doutorado. Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, DF.
Brown. R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborsky, M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 951-964. doi:10.1177/0146167209335461
Chabrol, H., Leeuwen, N. V., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 734–739. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020
Chen, F. F., Hayes, A., Carver, C. S., Laurenceau, Jean-Philippe, & Zhang, Z. (2012). Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: A comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches. Journal of Personality, 80, 219-251. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Maquiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309-319. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of Management, 35, 219-257. doi:10.1177/0149206308318618
Foster, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2007). Are there such things as “Narcissistis” in social psychology? A taxometric analysis of the Narcisistic Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1321-1332. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.003
Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The dark triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Compass, 7, 199-216. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018
Furnham, A., Richards, S., Rangel, L., & Jones, D. N. (2014). Measuring malevolence: Quantitative issues surrounding the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 114-121. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.001
Gonçalves, M. K., & Campbell, L. (2014). The dark triad and the derogation of mating competitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 42-46. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.003
Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 331-339. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The “Big Five” Inventory & Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, University of California. Institute of Personality and Social Research.
Jonason, P. K., Kaufman, S. B., Webster, G. D., & Geher, G. (2013). What lies beneath the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: Varied relations with the big five. Individual Differences Research, 11, 81-90.
Jonason, P. K., & Luévano, V. X. (2013). Walking the thin line between efficiency and accuracy: Validity and structural properties of the Dirty Dozen. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 76-81. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.010
Jonason, P. K., & McCain, J. (2012). Using the HEXACO model to test the validity of the Dirty Dozen measure of the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 935-938. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.010
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The Dirty Dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22, 420-432. doi:10.1037/a0019265.
Jones, D. N., & Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the dark triad. European Journal of Personality, 27, 521-531. doi: 10.1002/per.1893
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21, 28-41. doi:10.1177/1073191113514105
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 329–358. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism in the five-factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1571-1582. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2014). The dark triad, the big five and the HEXACO model. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 2-5. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.048
Maples, J. L., Lamkin, J., & Miller, J. D. (2014). A test of two brief measures of the dark triad: The Dirty Dozen and Short Dark Triad. Psychological Assessment, 26, 326-331. doi: 10.1037/a0035084
Miller, J. D., Few, L. R., Seibert, L. A., Watts, A., Zeichner, A., & Lynam, D. R. (2012). An examination of the Dirty Dozen measure of psychopathy: A cautionary tale about the costs of brief measures. Psychological Assessment, 24, 1048-1053. doi:10.1037/a0028583
O’Boyle, E. H. Jr., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 557-579. doi:10.1037/a0025679
Pasquali, L. (2012). Análise fatorial para pesquisadores. Brasília, DF: LabPam.
Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 913-938. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000492
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421-446. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215
Poy, R, Segarra, P., Esteller, À., López, R., & Moltó, J. (2014). FFM description of the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in men and women. Psychological Assessment, 26, 69-76. doi:10.1037/a0034642
Rammstedt, B., & Beierlein, C. (2014). Can’t we make it any shorter? The limits of personality assessment and ways to overcome them. Journal of Individual Differences, 35, 212-220. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000141
Raskin, R., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590. doi:10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., Benet-Martinez, V., Alcalay, L., Ault, L., et al. (2007). The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 173-212. doi:10.1177/0022022106297299
Venables, N. C., Hall, J. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: A triarchic model perspective. Psychological Medicine, 9, 1-9. doi:10.1017/S003329171300161X
Visser, B. A., Pozzebon, J. A., & Reina-Tamayo, A. M. (2014). Status-driven risk taking: Another “dark” personality? Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 46, 485-496. doi:10.1037/a0034163
Webster, G. D., & Jonason K. J. (2013). Putting the ‘‘IRT’’ in ‘‘Dirty’’: Item response theory analyses of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen – An efficient measure of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 302-306. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.027
Williams, K. M., Paulhus, D. L., & Hare, R. D. (2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 205-219. doi:10.1080/00223890701268074
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [SPECIFY PERIOD OF TIME] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).