Psychology, Interamerican
Intolerance of uncertainty over COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on anxiety and depressive symptoms
covid 19
PDF (English)

Palavras-chave

distress
uncertainty
psychological effect
mental health
infectious disease

Como Citar

del Valle, M. V., Andrés, M. L., Urquijo, S., Yerro-Avincetto, M., López-Morales, H., & Canet-Juric, L. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty over COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on anxiety and depressive symptoms. Revista Interamericana De Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 54(2), e1335. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v54i2.1335

Resumo

As the COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented uncertain situation, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of intolerance of uncertainty over COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms during the quarantine. The study was conducted with 3805 Argentinean participants, who fulfilled the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a modified version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Regression analyses indicated a significant effect of intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety and on depressive symptoms. A minor effect of age and gender was also found. Young women with greater intolerance of uncertainty showed the highest levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Even though uncertainty distress is an understandable reaction to the current situation, these psychological effects should be monitored.

https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v54i2.1335
PDF (English)

Referências

Abbas, A. M., & Kamel, M. M. (2020). Dietary habits in adults during quarantine in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, Obesity Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100254

Abel, T., & McQueen, D. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic calls for spatial distancing and social closeness: not for social distancing! International Journal of Public Health, 65, 231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01366-7

Ameral, V., Palm Reed, K. M., Cameron, A., & Armstrong, J. L. (2014). What are measures of distress tolerance really capturing ? A mixed methods analysis. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(4), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000024

American Psychological Association (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Autor. http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf

Basevitz, P., Pushkar, D., Chaikelson, J., Conway, M., & Dalton, C. (2008). Age-related differences in worry and related processes. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 66(4), 283-305. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.66.4.b

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory-II. The Psychological Corporation.

Beltrán, M. C., Freyre, M. Á., & Hernández-Guzmán, L. (2012). El Inventario de Depresión de Beck: Su validez en población adolescente. Terapia Psicológica, 30(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082012000100001

Biglieri, R. R., & Vetere, G. L. (2010). Ansiedad rasgo y creencias relacionadas con trastornos de ansiedad: Una comparación entre el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada y otros cuadros de ansiedad. Perspectivas en Psicología, 7(1), 8-15. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4835/483555653002.pdf

Blanca, M. J., Alarcón, R., Arnau, J., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2017). Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?. Psicothema, 29(4), 552-557. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.383

Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007

Brenlla, M. L., & Rodríguez, C. M. (2006). Adaptación argentina del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II). Buenos Aires: Paidós.

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M.J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4

Cárdenas Castro, M., & Arancibia Martini, H. (2014). Potencia estadística y cálculo del tamaño del efecto en G*Power: complementos a las pruebas de significación estadística y su aplicación en psicología. Salud & Sociedad, 5(2), 210–244. https://doi.org/10.22199/s07187475.2014.0002.00006

Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: a review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007

Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011

Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014

Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., & Conversano, C. (2020). Psychological intervention measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. April. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200208

Dar, K.A., Iqbal, N., Mushtaq, A. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety: examining the indirect and moderating effects of worry. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.04.017

Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 835–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149

Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5

Freeston, M., Tiplady, A., Mawn, L., Bottesi, G., & Thwaites, S. (2020) Towards a model of uncertainty distress in the context of Coronavirus (Covid-19). http://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/V8Q6M

Galindo-Vázquez, O., Ramírez-Orozco, M., Costas-Muñiz, R., Mendoza-Contreras, L. A., Calderillo-Ruíz, G., & Meneses-García, A. (2020). Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y conductas de autocuidado durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en la población general. Gaceta Médica, 156, 298-305. https://doi.org/10.24875/GMM.20000266

Goldberg, J. H., Breckenridge, J. N., & Sheikh, J. I. (2003). Age differences in symptoms of depression and anxiety: examining behavioral medicine outpatients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023030605390

Goncalves Mo, Y., & Rodríguez De Behrends, M. (2015). Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en la evaluación de la ansiedad en población Argentina. In VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología and XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/935

González, M., Ibáñez, I., Rovella, A., López, M., & Padilla, L. (2013). Perfeccionismo e intolerancia a la incertidumbre: relaciones con variables psicopatológicas. Psicología Conductual, 21(1), 81-101. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-17396-005

Guillén-Riquelme, A., & Buela-Casal, G. (2011). Actualización psicométrica y funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems en el State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Psicothema, 23(3), 510-515. http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3916.pdf

Katz, D., Rector, N. A., & Laposa, J. M. (2017). The interaction of distress tolerance and intolerance of uncertainty in the prediction of symptom reduction across CBT for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(6), 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2017.1334087

Kuang, K., & Wilson, S. R. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of Uncertainty and Information Management in Illness Contexts. Journal of Communication, 67(3), 378–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12299

Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Windsor, T. D., & Butterworth, P. (2008). Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: the role of psychosocial mediators. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(12), 983-998. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z

Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández- Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361

Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2019). Factor Analysis (Versión 10.10.01) [Software]. https://psico.fcep.urv.cat/utilitats/factor

Mahoney, A.0 E., & McEvoy, P. M. (2012). A transdiagnostic examination of intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(3), 212-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.622130

McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. (2012). To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007

McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: Prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1027-1035. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006

Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. March. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2p57j

Mihashi, M., Otsubo, Y., Yinjuan, X., Nagatomi, K., Hoshiko, M., & Ishitake, T. (2009). Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. Health Psychology, 28(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013674

Mishel, M. H. (1988). Uncertainty in illness. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 20(4), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1988.tb00082.x

Moreland, P., & Santacroce, S. J. (2018). Illness uncertainty and posttraumatic stress in young adults with congenital heart disease. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 33(4), 356-362. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000471

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Aldao, A. (2011). Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6), 704-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012

Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in of uncertainty anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063

Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020). Niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión en la primera fase del brote del COVID-19 en una muestra recogida en el norte de España. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020

Peitl, V., Zatezalo, V. G., & Karlović, D. (2020). Mental Health Issues and Psychological Crisis Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Earthquakes in Croatia. Archives of Psychiatry Research, 56, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.20471/dec.2020.56.02.07

Pepperdine, E., Lomax, C., & Freeston, M. H. (2018). Disentangling intolerance of uncertainty and threat appraisal in everyday situations. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 57, 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.04.002

Rodríguez de Behrends, M., & Brenlla, M. E. (2015). Adaptación para Buenos Aires de la Escala de Intolerancia a la Incertidumbre. Interdisciplinaria, 32(2), 261-274. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/180/18043528004.pdf

Sanz, J., & Vázquez, C. (1998). Fiabilidad, validez y datos normativos del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck. Psicothema, 10(2), 303-318. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/727/72710207.pdf

Sanz, J., & Vázquez, C. (2011). Adaptación española del Inventario para Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II). Manual. Pearson.

Sanz, J., García-Vera, M. P., Espinosa, R., Fortún, M., & Vázquez, C. (2005). Adaptación española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II): 3. Propiedades psicométricas en pacientes con trastornos psicológicos. Clínica y Salud, 16(2), 121-142. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1806/180616104001.pdf

Sanz, J., Perdigón, A. L., & Vázquez, C. (2003). Adaptación española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II): 2. Propiedades psicométricas en población general. Clínica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1806/180617972001.pdf

Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, A. S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing : Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0

Sedgwick, P. (2012). Log transformation of data. BMJ (Online), 345, e6727. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e6727

Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). Defining distinct negative beliefs about uncertainty: Validating the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015827

Sim, K., & Chua, H. C. (2004). The psychological impact of SARS: A matter of heart and mind. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170(5), 811-812. http://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1032003

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E. (1970) Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., & Cubero, N. S. (1999). STAI: Cuestionario de ansiedad estado-rasgo. TEA Ediciones.

Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 592-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12058

Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353

Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., & Foa, E. B. (2003). Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00182-2

Toro, R. A., Avendaño-Prieto, B. L., & Vargas, N. (2019). Transdiagnostic model of anxiety and depression according to the relationship with affect, intolerance of uncertainly, and anxiety sensitivity. Revista CES Psicología, 13(1), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesp.13.1.9

Toro, R., Alzate, L., Santana, L., & Ramírez, I. (2018). Afecto negativo como mediador entre intolerancia a la incertidumbre, ansiedad y depresión. Ansiedad y Estrés, 24(2-3), 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2018.09.001

Van de Velde, S., Bracke, P., & Levecque, K. (2010). Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression. Social Science & Medicine, 71(2), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.035

Wieland, A., Durach, C. F., Kembro, J., & Treiblmaier, H. (2017). Statistical and judgmental criteria for scale purification. Supply Chain Management, 22(4), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-07-2016-0230

World Health Organization (2014). Health for the world’s adolescents: A second chance in the second decade. http://public.tableausoftware.com/profile/digitalteam#!/vizhome/shared/3JW3RBSZ3

Yook, K., Kim, K. H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 623-628.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003

Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic What. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990

Zvolensky, M. J., Leyro, T. M., Bernstein, A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2011). Historical Perspectives, Theory, and Measurement of Distress Tolerance. In M. J. Zvolensky, A. Bernstein, & A. A. Vujanovic (Eds.), Distress Tolerance (pp. 3–27). The Guilford Press.

Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Bernstein, A., & Leyro, T. M. (2010). Distress tolerance: Theory, measurement, and relations to psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 406–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410388642

Creative Commons License

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2020 Macarena Verónica del Valle, María Laura Andrés, Sebastián Urquijo, Matías Yerro-Avincetto, Hernán López-Morales, Lorena Canet-Juric