Mots-clés
iglesia
infancia
Chile
Comment citer
Résumé
This research aims to describe the characteristics of a group of 21 victims of sexual abuse by a representative of the Catholic Church in Chile. The characteristics of the sexual victimization and the perpetrator, the disclosure and notification, and the experience of other forms of victimization by non-clergy were evaluated. The results show that the abuses began at puberty, included behaviors with physical contact, were committed by men, mainly priests, and were revealed by the victims in adulthood, reported to the Church itself. Most victims also suffered maltreatment by their parents or primary caregivers and sexual abuse by other people, making them poly-victims and underscoring the seriousness of these cases.
Références
AMM (2013). Declaración de Helsinki de la AMM – Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos. Recuperado de https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
Azócar, M., y Undurraga, B. (2005). Reforma Procesal Penal y Seguridad Ciudadana: análisis de cuatro indicadores. Recuperado de https://www.icso.cl/images/Paperss/decimocuarto.pdf
Barnes, J., Noll, J., Putnam, F., y Trickett, P. (2009). Sexual and physical revictimization among victims of severe childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 412–420. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.013
Barth, J., Bermetz, L., Heim, E., Trelle, S., y Tonia, T. (2013). The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal Public Health, 58, 469–483. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0426-1
Böhm, B., Zollner, H., Fegert, J. M., y Liebhardt, H. (2014). Child sexual abuse in the context of the Roman Catholic Church: A review of literature from 1981–2013. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23, 635-656. http://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.929607
Brown, M. (2018). Informe final análisis multivariable de estudio polivictimización. Santiago: Consejo Nacional de la Infancia.
Calkins, C., Fargo, J., Jeglic, E., y Terry, K. (2015). Blessed be the children: A case-control study of sexual abusers in the Catholic Church. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 33, 580-594. http://doi.org/10.1002/BSL.2193
Cancino, H. (2001). La Iglesia Católica y su contribución a la reconstrucción de la democracia en Chile 1973-1989. Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review, 2, 40-62. Recuperado de https://www.revistadelcesla.com/index.php/revistadelcesla
Cimbolic, P., y Cartor, P. (2006). Looking at ephebophilia through the lens of cleric sexual abuse. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 13, 347-359. http://doi.org/10.1080/10720160601011257
Colegio de Psicólogos de Chile (1999). Código de Ética Profesional (2ª Ed.). Recuperado de http://colegiopsicologos.cl/web_cpc/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CODIGO-DE-ETICA-PROFESIONAL-VIGENTE.pdf
Contreras, L., Huepe, D. y Navarrete, G. (2020). Magnitude and characteristics of revictimization through child sexual abuse in Chile. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 25, 33-46. http://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12158
Denney, A., Kerley, K., y Gross, N. (2018). Child Sexual abuse in protestant christian congregations: A descriptive analysis of offense and offender characteristics. Religions, 9(27). http://doi.org/10.3390/rel9010027
Doyle, T. P. (2009). The spiritual trauma experienced by victims of sexual abuse by catholic clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 58, 239-260. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-008-0187-1
Echeburúa, E., y Guerricaechevarría, C. (2008). Concepto, factores de riesgo y efectos psicopatológicos. En J. Sanmartin (Ed.), Violencia Contra Niños (pp. 87-112). Barcelona: Ariel.
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., y Turner, H. (2007a). Re-victimization patterns in a national longitudinal sample of children and youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 479–502. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.c hiabu.2006.03.012
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., y Turner, H. (2007b). Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(1), 7-26. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008
Ford, J. D. (2015). Complex PTSD: research directions for nosology/assessment, treatment, and public health. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 27584. http://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27584
Gavrielides, T. (2012). Clergy child sexual abuse and the restorative justice dialogue. Journal of Church and State, 55(4), 617-639. http://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/css041
Guerzoni, M., y Graham, H. (2015). Catholic Church responses to clergy-child sexual abuse and mandatory reporting exemptions in Victoria, Australia: A discursive critique. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 4(4), 58‐75. http://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i4.205
Guido, J. J. (2008). A unique betrayal: Clergy sexual abuse in the context of the catholic religious tradition. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17(3-4), 255-269. http://doi.org/10.1080/10538710802329775
Isely, P. J., Isely, P., Freiburger, J., y McMackin, R. (2008). In their own voices: A qualitative study of men abused as children by Catholic clergy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17(3-4), 201-215. http://doi.org/10.1080/10538710802329668
John Jay College of Criminal Justice (2004). The nature and scope of sexual abuse of minors by catholic priests and deacons in United States 1950-2002. Recuperado de https://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2004_02_27_JohnJay_revised/2004_02_27_John_Jay_Main_Report_Optimized.pdf
Langeland, W., Hoogendoorn, A., Mager, D., Smit, J., y Dajier, N. (2015). Childhood sexual abuse by representatives of the Roman Catholic Church: A prevalence estimate among the Dutch population. Child Abuse & Neglect: The international Journal, 46, 67-77. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.009
Lueger-Schuster, B., Kantor, V., Weindl, D., Knefel, M., Moy, Y., Butollo, A., . . . Gluck, T. (2014). Institutional abuse of children in the Austrian Catholic Church: Types of abuse and impact on adult survivors’ current mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect: The international Journal, 38, 52-64. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.013
Madrid, A. (2015). 4° Estudio de maltrato infantil en Chile. Análisis comparativo. Santiago: UNICEF.
McLaughlin, B. R. (1994). Devastated spirituality: The impact of clergy sexual abuse on the survivor's relationship with God and the Church. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 1(2), 145-158. http://doi.org/10.1080/10720169408400039
Ministerio del Interior (2013). Encuesta nacional de victimización por violencia intrafamiliar y delitos sexuales. Santiago, Chile: División de Seguridad Pública.
Minto, K., Hornsey, M., Gillespie, N., Healy, K., y Jetten, J. (2016). A social identity approach to understanding responses to child sexual abuse allegations. PLOS ONE, 11(4), 1-15. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153205
Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., y Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 328-338. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007
Rassenhofer, M., Zimmer, A., Spröber, N., y Fegert, J. (2015). Child sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church in Germany: Comparison of victim-impact data collected through church-sponsored and government-sponsored programs. Child Abuse & Neglect, 40, 60-67. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.11.013
Rodriguez Sutil, C. (2010). Introducción a la obra de Ronald Fairbairn: los origenes del psicoanalisis relaciona. Madrid: Ágora Relacional
Spraitz, D., y Bowen, K. (2016). Techniques of neutralization and persistent sexual abuse by clergy: A content analysis of priest personnel files from the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(15), 1-24. http://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515579509
Stoltenborgh, M., van IJzendoorn, M., Euser, E., y Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 79-101. http://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
Tamarit, J.M., Abad, J., y Hernández-Hidalgo, P. (2015). Las víctimas de abuso sexual infantil ante el sistema de justicia penal: estudio sobre sus actitudes, necesidades y experiencia. Revista de Victimología, 2, 27-54. Recuperado de http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php/revista-de-victimologia http://doi.org/10.12827-RVJV-2-02
Terry, K. J., Smith, M. L., Schuth, K., Kelly, J., Vollman, B., y Massey, C. (2011) Causes and context of the sexual abuse crisis in the Catholic Church. Washington DC: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Terry, K. (2015). Child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church: A review of global perspective. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 39(2), 139–154. http://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2015.1012703
Tishelman, A., y Fontes, L. (2017). Religion in child sexual abuse forensic interviews. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 120-130. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.025
Van Wormer, K., y Berns, L. (2004). The impact of priest sexual abuse: Female survivors’ narratives. Affilia, 19(1), 53-67. http://doi.org/10.1177/0886109903260667
Varona, G., y Martínez, A. (2015). Estudio exploratorio sobre los abusos sexuales en la Iglesia española y otros contextos institucionales: marco teórico y metodológico de una investigación victimológica abierta. Eguzkilore, 29, 7-76.
Widom, C., Czaja, S., y Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 785–796. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
(c) Tous droits réservés Lorena Contreras Taibo, Francisco Maffioletti Celedón, Noemí Pereda Beltrán 2020