Abstract
This article reviews the life and work of Herbert Kelman (1927-2022), one of the most influential social psychologists of the 20th century and of the present century. His theories have had a favorable impact on the resolution of international conflicts, based on experimental evidence and his intervention in various international events in the Middle East and other parts of the world. In addition, he was one of the leading promoters of the psychology of peace and published a wide variety of a well-received articles, book chapters, and books in the field of social psychology. He also was president of the Interamerican Society of Psychology (ISP) between 1976 and 1979, with a display of functions that are the object of our analysis. For all these reasons, Kelman is an author, whose work deserves to be reviewed and analyzed on the occasion of his recent death, to give continuity to his ideas and his contributions in the field of conflict resolution.
References
Allport, G. W. (1968). La naturaleza del prejuicio. Eudeba.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 5(4), 432-443. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021212
Aredila, R. (1996). Political psychology: Latin American perspective. Political Psychology, 17(2), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791814
Ardila, R. (2001). ¿Qué es la psicología de la paz? Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 33(1), 39-43.
Ardila, R. (2011). El mundo de la psicología. Editorial Manual Moderno.
Arias, W. L., León, R., & Clark, M. (2021). The development of psychology in Latin America: Geopolitical contexts and psychosocial processes. En J. C. Ossa, Salas, G., & H. Scholten (Eds.), History of psychology in Latin America. A cultural approach (pp. 63-91). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73682-8_4
Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Borja, H., Barreto, I., Alzate, M., Sabucedo, J. M., & López, W. L. (2009). Creencias sobre el adversario, violencia política y procesos de paz. Psicothema, 21(4), 622-627.
Caicedo-Moreno, A., Castro-Abril, P., López-López, W., & Montes, L. G. (2021). Colombian Transitional Justice: The media discourse of the Peace Agreement and perceptions regarding its institutions. Deusto Journal of Human Rights, 8, 51-82. https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr.2284
Castrillón-Guerrero, L., Riveros Fiallo, V., Knudsen, M. L., López López, W., Correa-Chica, A., & Castañeda Polanco, J. G. (2018). Comprensiones de perdón, reconciliación y justicia en víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en Colombia. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 63, 84-98.
Consoli, A., Flores, I., Sharma, H., Sheltzer, J., Gallegos, M., & Pérez-Acosta, A. (2021). Psychology in Latin America: A qualitative study of commonalities and singularities. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 55(3), e1627. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v55i3.1627
Cortés, Á., Torres, A., López-López, W., Pérez, C., & Pineda-Marín, C. (2016). Comprensiones sobre el perdón y la reconciliación en el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano. Psychosocial Intervention, 25(1), 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psi.2015.09.004
Christie, D. J. (Ed.). (2012). The encyclopedia of peace psychology. Wiley-Blackwell.
Gallegos, M. (2012). Historia de la Psicología Interamericana: Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología (1951). Psychologia Latina, 3(1), 23-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_PSLA.2012.v3.n1.38739
Gallegos, M. (2013). Sixty years of the Interamerican Society of Psychology (SIP): Origins and development. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1313-1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2013.840965
Gallegos, M., & Castro, V. de (2022). Interamerican Society of Psychology (1951-2021): Its history and historians. History of Psychology, 25(3), 388-395.
Gallegos, M., Salas, G., Ardila, R., Caycho-Rodríguez, T., & Burgos, C. (2018). Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología: Historia y proyección estratégica. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 35(1), 72-87.
Garrido, G. Y. (2021). Las políticas de reparación simbólica a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno: Avances en el caso de Accomarca, Ayacucho. Revista de Sociología, 33, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.15381/rsoc.n33.21800
González, A. (2021). El Perú y sus vecinos: fundamentos para una cultura de paz. Revista de Psicología (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú), 39(1), 383-435. https://doi.org/10.1880/psico.202101.015
Hothersall, D. (1997). Historia de la psicología. McGraw-Hill.
Ingui, P., & Scherman P. (2019). Prácticas del campo psi en la historia reciente argentina. Intervenciones psicosociales sobre secuelas del genocidio. Actas del Encuentro Argentino de Historia de la Psiquiatría, la Psicología y el Psicoanálisis, 20, 52-59.
Kelman, H. C. (1952). Two phases of behavior change. Journal of Social Issues, 8(2), 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1952.tb01607.x
Kelman, H. C. (1953). Attitude change as a function of response restriction. Human Relations, 6, 185-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675300600301
Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
Kelman, H. C. (1963). The role of the group in the induction of therapeutic change. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 13, 399-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.1963.11642700
Kelman, H. C. (Ed.) (1965). International Behavior: A Social-Psychological Analysis. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Kelman, H. C. (1967). Human use of human subjects: The problem of deception in social-psychological experiments. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024072
Kelman, H. C. (1968). A time to speak on human values and social research. Jossey-Bass.
Kelman, H. C. (1970). The role of the individual in international relations: Some conceptual and methodological considerations. Journal of International Affairs, 24, 1-17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356661
Kelman, H. C. (1972). The rights of the subject in social research: An analysis in terms of relative power and legitimacy. American Psychologist, 27, 989-1016. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033995
Kelman, H. C. (1978). Israelis and Palestinians: Psychological prerequisites for mutual acceptance. International Security, 3(1), 162-186. https://doi.org/10.2307/2626648
Kelman, H. C. (1982). Cresting conditions for Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 26, 39-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002782026001002
Kelman, H. C. (1986). Overcoming the barriers to negotiation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Journal of Palestine Studies, 16(1), 13-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/2537019
Kelman, H. C. (1987). The political psychology of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: How can we overcome the barriers to a negotiated solution? Political Psychology, 8(3), 347-363. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791039
Kelman, H. C. (1990). Applying a human needs perspective to the practice of conflict resolution: The Israeli-Palestinian case. En J. W. Burton (Ed.), Conflict: Human needs theory (pp. 283-297). St. Martin’s Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21000-8_15
Kelman, H. C. (1992). Acknowledging the other’s nationhood: How to create a momentum for the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. Journal of Palestine Studies, 22(1), 18-38. https://doi.org/10.2307/2537685
Kelman, H. C. (1995). Contributions to an unofficial conflict resolution effort to the Israeli-Palestinian breakthrough. Negotiation Journal, 11(1), 19-27.
Kelman, H. C. (1997a). Group processes in the resolution of international conflicts: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian case. American Psychologist, 52, 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.3.212
Kelman, H. C. (1997b). Some determinants of the Oslo breakthrough. International Negotiation, 2(2), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069720847933
Kelman, H. C. (1999). The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflicts. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 581-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00134
Kelman, H. C. (2001). The role of national identity in conflict resolution: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian problem-solving workshops. En R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 187-212). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39032-1_5
Kelman, H. C. (2004). Continuity and Change: My Life as a Social Psychologist. En A. H. Eagly, R. M. Baron, & V. L. Hamilton (Eds.), The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice (pp. 233-275). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10683-013
Kelman, H. C. (2005). Building trust among enemies: The central challenge for international conflict resolution. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 639-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.011
Kelman, H. C. (2007a). The Israeli-Palestinian peace and its vicissitudes: Insights from attitude theory. American Psychologist, 62(4), 287-303. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.287
Kelman, H. C. (2007b). Social-psychological dimensions of international conflict. En I. W. Zartman (Ed.), Peacemaking in international conflict: Methods and techniques (pp. 61-107). Institute of Peace Press.
Kelman, H. C. (2009). The policy context of international crimes. En A. Nollkaemper & H. van der Wilt (Eds.), System criminality in international law (pp. 26-41). Cambridge University Press.
Kelman, H. C. (2010). Interacting problem solving: Changing political culture in the pursuit of conflict resolution. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 16(4), 389-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10781919.2010.518124
Kelman, H. C. (2015). The development of interactive problem-solving: In John Burton’s footsteps. Political Psychology, 36, 243-262. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43783857
Kelman, H. C. (2016). Personal reflections on my work in conflict analysis and resolution. En H. C. Kelman & R. J. Fisher (Eds.), Herbert C. Kelman: A pioneer in the social psychology of conflict analysis and resolution (pp. 3-36). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39032-1_1
Kelman, H. C. (2021). A responsible psychologist is a responsible citizen. Journal of Social Issues, 77, 917-935. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12474
Kelman, H. C., & Fisher, R. J. (Eds.) (2016). Herbert C. Kelman: A pioneer in the social psychology of conflict analysis and resolution. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39032-1
Kelman, H. C., & Hamilton, V. L. (1990). Crímenes de obediencia. Los límites de la autoridad y la responsabilidad. Planeta.
Klappenbach, H. (2022). Las organizaciones de psicólogas y psicólogos en Argentina y el secuestro y desaparición de Beatriz Perosio, víctima de terrorismo de Estado. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 56(1), e1701. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v56i1.1701
Lewin, K. (1945). Resolving social conflicts. A Harper International Edition.
López-López, W. (2020). A multidimensional & dynamic perspective of research & intervention in peace psychology. Peace Psychologist, 29(1), 16, 39-41.
López-López, W., Páez, A., & Correa-Chica, A. (2016). Proceso de pedir perdón como condición necesaria para la construcción de paz en medio del conflicto armado en Colombia. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 25(2), 187-194.
López-López, W., Pineda-Marín, C., Correa-Chica, A., Rincón-Unigarro, C., & Silva, L. M. (2021). Psychology of peace. En C. Zúñiga & W. López-López, Political psychology in Latin America. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000230-007
López-López, W., Pineda Marín, C., Murcia León, M. C., Perilla Garzón, D. C., & Mullet, E. (2012). Colombian Lay People's Willingness to Forgive Different Actors of the Armed Conflict: Results from a Pilot Study. Psicologica: International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology, 33(3), 655-663.
López-López, W., Pineda Marín, C., Murcia León, M. C., Perilla Garzón, D. C., & Mullet, E. (2013). Forgiving perpetrators of violence: Colombian people’s positions. Social Indicators Research, 114(2), 287-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0146-1
López-López, W., Sandoval Alvarado, G., Rodríguez, S., Ruiz, C., León, J. D., Pineda-Marín, C., & Mullet, E. (2018). Forgiving former perpetrators of violence and reintegrating them into Colombian civil society: Noncombatant citizens’ positions. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 24(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000295
López-López, W., & Taylor, L. K. (Eds.). (2021). Transitioning to Peace. Promoting Global Social Justice and Non-violence. Switzerland, Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77688-6
Mínguez, X., Alzate, R., & Sánchez, M. (2009). Herbert C. Kelman. Psicología social al servicio de la paz en oriente medio. Psicología Política, 38, 7-30.
Mullet, E., Mukashema, I., & López, W. L. (2020). Mapping the reconciliation sentiment. Peace Review, 32(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2020.1823561
Pettigrew, T. F. (2010). Herbert C. Kelman: A tribute. Peace and Conflict, 16, 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/10781919.2010.518063
Polanco, F. A., Sueli, J., Zapico, M. G., & Lopes, R. (2021). A comparative history of psychology during the South American dictatorships (1964-1985). En J. C. Ossa, Salas, G., & H. Scholten (Eds.), History of psychology in Latin America. A cultural approach (pp. 43-61). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73682-8_3
Reyes-Valenzuela, C., Bustillos, J., Aguirre, A., Moreta-Herrera, R., Durán, A., Maturana, K., & Villagrán, L. (2021). Cumplimiento de medidas de reparación y construcción de cultura de paz en Ecuador y Chile. Revista de Psicología (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú), 39(2), 589-624. https://doi.org/10.1880/psico.202102.004
Rocha, A., Amarís, M., & López-López, W. (2017). El perdón como estrategia de afrontamiento. Una mirada desde el modelo de la complejidad del afrontamiento. Terapia Psicológica, 35(3), 271-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082017000300271
Ruíz, J. I., Castro-Abril, P., López-López, W., Páez, D., Méndez, L., Castro-Molinares, S. … Pérez, M. (2022). La Comisión de la Verdad en Colombia: conocimiento, percepción, eficacia y emociones asociadas. Revista de Psicología (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú), 40(1), 119-154. https://doi.org/10.1880/psico.202201.005
Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología (1978). Resolución sobre la práctica psicológica y los derechos humanos. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 10(2), 298-299.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Walter Lizandro Arias Gallegos, Hugo Klappenbach, Rubén Ardila, Wilson López-López, Tomás Caycho-Rodríguez