Abstract
Around the world, individual psychologists have stepped up to deliver essential services to address the social and emotional sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many psychological organizations have also responded to this public health crisis, though their efforts may be less widely recognized. Psychological organizations engaged in preventive and mitigation efforts targeted, among others, the general public, local communities, and high-risk groups such as health care providers. They disseminated mental health information to the general public, trained laypersons to provide psychological first aid, and used research to design and evaluate public health responses to the pandemic. In some countries, psychological organizations contributed to the design and implementation of public health policies and practices. The nature of these involvements changed throughout the pandemic and evolved from reactive to proactive, from local to international. Several qualities appear key to the value, impact, and success of these efforts. These include organizational agility and adaptability, the ability to overcome their political inertia and manage conflict, recognizing the need to address cultural differences, and allocating limited resources to high-risk and resource-depleted constituencies where it was needed most.
References
Barbarin, O., Khoury, B., Klicperova-Baker, M., Gutiérrez, G., Thompson, A., Padakannaya, P, Crowe, S. (2021). Psychological science and Covid-19: An agenda for social action. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91 (3), 412-422. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000549
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S. et al. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., & Douglas, K. M. (2020). Cultural orientation, power, belief in conspiracy theories, and intentions to reduce the spread of COVID‐19. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 663-673.
Bruns D. P., Kraguljac N. V., Bruns T. R. (2020). COVID-19: Facts, cultural considerations, and risk of stigmatization. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 31(4), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620917724
Chaffin, B. C., Gosnell, H., & Cosens, B. A. (2014). A decade of adaptive governance scholarship: synthesis and future directions. Ecology and Society, 19(3), 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06824-190356
Chew, N., Lee, G., Tan, B., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Ngiam, N., Yeo, L., Ahmad, A., Ahmed Khan, F., Napolean Shanmugam, G., Sharma, A. K., Komalkumar, R. N., Meenakshi, P. V., Shah, K., Patel, B., Chan, B., Sunny, S., Chandra, B., Ong, J., Paliwal, P. R., … Sharma, V. K. (2020). A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049
Cooper, S., & Ratele, K. (2014). Psychology Serving Humanity. Psychology Press.
de Almondes, K. M., Bizarro, L., Miyazaki, M. C. O. S., Soares, M. R. Z., Peuker, A. C., Teodoro, M., Modesto, J. G., Veraksa, A. N., Singh, P., Han, B., & Sodi, T. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Psychology Responding to COVID-19 Pandemic in Brics Nations. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.567585
Drury, J. (2018). The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review. European Review of Social Psychology, 29 (1), 38-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1471948
Gallegos, M., Zalaquett, C., Luna, S. E., Mazo-Zea, R., Ortiz-Torres, B., Penagos-Corzo, J. C., Portillo, N., Torres Fernández, I., Urzúa, A., Morgan Consoli, M., Polanco, F. A., Florez, A. M. & Lopes Miranda, R. (2020). Cómo afrontar la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) en las Américas: recomendaciones y líneas de acción sobre salud mental [How to face the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in the Americas: recommendations and lines of action on mental health] Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 54, (1), e1304. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v54i1.1304
Garrett, T. M. (2020). COVID-19, wall building, and the effects on Migrant Protection Protocols by the Trump administration: the spectacle of the worsening human rights disaster on the Mexico-U.S. border. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 42 (2), 240-248, https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2020.1750212
Gorčíková, M., Šafr, J., Spurný, M., Klicperová-Baker, M., Děchtěrenko, F., & Poláčková Šolcová, I. (2020, May 20). Kdo šil roušky a dobrovolně pomáhal v čase koronakrize? [Who sewed the face masks and volunteered during the corona crisis?] Press release. Institute of Sociology, Czech Academy of Sciences.
https://www.soc.cas.cz/aktualita/kdo-sil-rousky-dobrovolne-pomahal-v-case-koronakrize
Gutiérrez, G. & Ramírez, M. L. (2020). Latin American and Caribbean summit of psychology associations. IUPsyS Bulletin, 12(5), 3. https://www.iupsys.net/dotAsset/415e0417-adca-49fa-a4aa-62e1f789841f.pdf
Hwang, T., Lin, Y., Shen, L., Tang, L., & Lapid, M. (2020). How Taiwan prevented the outbreak of COVID-19: A focus on psychological strategies and measures. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(10),1121-1124. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220001568
Janssen, M., & van der Voort, H. (2020). Agile and adaptive governance in crisis response: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102188, 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102180.
Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z. H., Zhao, Y. J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y. T. (2020). Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1732–1738. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45120
Liu, J. C. J., & Tong, E. M. W. (2020). The Relation Between Official WhatsApp-Distributed COVID-19 News Exposure and Psychological Symptoms: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9). e22142. doi: 10.2196/22142
Ng, L. L. (2020). Psychological states of COVID-19 quarantine. Journal of Primary Health Care, 12(2), 115–117. https://doi.org/10.1071/HC20030
Overby, E., Bharadwaj, A., & Sambamurthy, V. (2006). Enterprise agility and the enabling role of information technology. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000600
Pillay, A. L., & Barnes, B. R. (2020). Psychology and COVID-19: impacts, themes, and way forward. South African Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 148-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246320937684
Pirutinsky, S., Cherniak, A. D. & Rosmarin, D. H. (2020). COVID-19, mental health, and religious coping among American Orthodox Jews. Journal of Religious Health, 59, 2288–2301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01070-z
Power, T., Wilson, D., Best, O., Brockie, T., Bourque Bearskin, L., Millender, E., & Lowe, J. (2020). COVID-19 and Indigenous Peoples: An imperative for action. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(15-16), 2737–2741. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15320
Rhodes, E. (2020, November 24). No normal crisis. The Psychologist. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/nonormalcrisis
Ritchie, P. L. J. (2006). Annual Report of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) to the International Council for Science (ICSU), International Journal of Psychology, 41(6), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590601020713
Rosenzweig, M. R., Holtzman, W. H., Sabourin, M, & Bélanger, D. (2000). History of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS). Psychology Press.
Saban, M., Myers, V. & Wilf-Miron, R. (2020). Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic – the role of leadership in the Arab ethnic minority in Israel. International Journal of Equity in Health, 19, 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01257-6
Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160
Scholten, H., Quezada-Scholz, V. E., Salas, G., Barria-Asenjo, N. A., Molina, R., García, J. E., Julia Jorquera, M. T., Marinero Heredia, A., Zambrano, A., Gómez Muzzio, E., Cherone Felitto, A., Caycho Rodríguez, T., Reyes-Gallardo, T., Pinochet Mendoza, N., Binde, P. J., Uribe Muñoz, J. E., Bernal Estupiñán, J. A. & Somarriva, F. (2020). Abordaje psicológico del COVID-19: una revisión narrativa de la experiencia latinoamericana [Psychological approach to COVID-19: a narrative review of the Latin American experience]. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 54(1), e1287-e1287.
Seedat, M. (2014). Mobilizing compassionate critical citizenship and psychologies in the service of humanity. In S. Cooper & K. Ratele (eds). Psychology Serving Humanity. (pp. 1-17). Psychology Press.
Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D. E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S., Birk, J. L., Brodie, D., Cannone, D. E., Chang, B., Claassen, J., Cornelius, T., Derby, L., Dong, M., Givens, R. C., Hochman, B., Homma, S., Kronish, I. M., Lee, S., Manzano, W., … Abdalla, M. (2020). Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. General hospital psychiatry, 66, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007
Soper, G. A. (1919). The lessons of the pandemic. Science, 49(1274), 501–506. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1642775
Speyer, R., Denman, D., Wilkes-Gillan, S., Chen, Y., Bogaardt, H., Kim, J., Heckathorn, D., & Cordier, R. (2018). Effects of telehealth by allied health professionals and nurses in rural and remote areas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 50, 225–235. doi:10.2340/16501977-2297
Tagat, A., & Kapoor, H. (2020). Go Corona Go! Cultural beliefs and social norms in India during COVID-19. Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy, 4, COVID-19 Special Issue, 9-15. https://ideas.repec.org/a/beh/jbepv1/v4y2020isp9-15.html
Taragin-Zeller, L., Rozenblum, Y., & Baram-Tsabari, A. (2020). Public engagement with science among religious minorities: Lessons from COVID-19. Science Communication, 42(5), 643-678. doi:10.1177/1075547020962107
Trnka, S. (2020, July 20). First in Masks? How Czechs Wore Face Masks When There Weren't Any Available. Somathosphere. Science, Medicine, and Anthropology. http://somatosphere.net/2020/first-in-masks.html/
Weible, C. M., Nohrstedt, D., Cairney, P., Carter, D. P., Crow, D. A, Durnová, A. P., Heikkila, T., Ingold, K., McConnell, A. & Stone, D. (2020). COVID‑19 and the policy sciences: initial reactions and perspectives. Policy Sciences, 53, 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-020-09381-4
World Health Organization (2020, March 18). Mental health and psycho-social considerations during COVID-19 outbreak. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331490/WHO-2019-nCoV-MentalHealth-2020.1-eng.pdf
Zhou, X. (2020). Organizational Response to COVID-19 Crisis: Reflections on the Chinese Bureaucracy and Its Resilience. Management and Organization Review 16:3, July, 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1017/mor.2020.29
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Germán Gutiérrez, Oscar Barbarin, Martina Klicperová-Baker, Prakash Padakannaya, Ava Thompson, Simon Crowe, Brigitte Khoury