Keywords
cultural validation
Interpersonal Reactivity Index
How to Cite
Abstract
A cultural validation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Inventory (IRI) was carried out, translating into Spanish and reviewing its psychometrical properties, evaluating two-factor, four-factor and four-factor + one general-factor models. 386 university students participated in a non-probabilistic sampling (18 - 30 years old, M=20.2; SD=2.6). The reliability of the dimensions was adequate (Cronbach's alpha 0.66 <α <0.78; McDonald's Omega 0.70 <Ω <0.80). Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed good fit to four-factor model and for four-factor + one general-factor model and insufficient in two-factor model. Women showed higher scores in affective dimensions whereas men showed higher scores in cognitive dimensions. IRI 22 items reduced version shows good psychometric properties in young Colombian population.
References
Airagnes, G., Consoli, S.M., De Morlhon, O., Galliot, A.M., Lemonge, C. & Jaury, P. (2014). Appropriate training based on Balint groups can improve the empathic abilities of medical students: A preliminary study. Journal of Psychosomatic research, 76, 426-429. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.03.005.
Aridag, N.C. & Yuksel, A. (2010). Analysis of the relationship between moral judgment competences and empathic skills of university students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 10(2), 707–724.
Artacho, F., López, M., Molina, A.M., Ortiz, M.V., Rosado, J.I., Ruiz, M.V. & Sillero, M. (2012). La medida de la empatía en el alumnado de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de Granada. ReiDoCrea: Revista electrónica de investigación Docencia Creativa, 1, 101-105.
Auné, S., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2016). Diseño y construcción de una escala de conducta prosocial para adultos. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 42(2), 15-25. http://doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP42_15
Auné, S., Facundo, A. & Attorresi, H. (2017). Propiedades Psicométricas de una Prueba de Conducta Empática. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica. 45, 3, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP45.3.04
Bilgic, A., Bilgiç, Ö., Hergüner, S. & Altınyazar, H.C. (2015). Autistic trait, empathy, and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity symptoms in women with idiopathic hirsutism. International Journal of Trichology, 7(3), 113-118. http://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.167458
Braun, S., Rosseel, Y., Kempenaers, C., Loas, G. & Linkowski, P. (2015). Self-report of empathy: a shortened French adaptation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) using two large Belgian samples. Psychological Reports: Measures & Statistics, 117(3), 735-753. http://doi.org/10.2466/08.02.PR0.117c23z6.
Brett, W., Brown, T. & Onsman, A. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 3(8), 1-13. Recuperado de http://ro.ecu.edu.au/jephc/vol8/iss3/1
Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage focus editions, 154, 136-136.
Carrasco, M.A., Delgado, B., Barbero, M.I., Holgado, F.P. & del Barrio, M.B. (2011). Propiedades psicométricas del Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) en población infantil y adolescente española. Psicothema, 23(4), 824-831.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Chiang, Shih-Kuang., Hua, Mau-Sun., Tam, Wai-Cheong Carl., Chao, Jian-Kang., Shiah, Yung-Jong. (2014). Developing an alternative Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index for normal population and patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan. Brain Impairment,15(2), 120–131. http://doi.org/10.1017/BrImp.2014.15
Chrysikou, E. & Thompson, W. (2016). Assessing cognitive and affective empathy through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index: An argument against a two-factor model. Assessment, 23(6), 769– 777. http://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115599055
Cliffordson, C. (2002). The hierarchical structure of empathy: Dimensional organization and relations to social functioning. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 49-59. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00268
Cox, C.L., Uddin, L.Q., Di Martino, A., Castellanos, F.X., Milham, M.P., & Kelly, C. (2012). The balance between feeling and knowing: Affective and cognitive empathy are reflected in the brain’s intrinsic functional dynamics. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 727–737. http://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr051
Davis, M.H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85
Davis, M.H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
Díaz, B., Rodríguez, K. & Santa Cruz, H. (2013). Propiedades del Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal (IRI) en alumnos del ISTP “San Luis” de Trujillo. Revista de Investigación de estudiantes de Psicología “JANG”, 2(1), 143 – 155.
Duan, C. & Hill, C.E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(3), 261-274. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261
Eisenberg, N., Miller, P.A., Shell, R., Mcnalley, S. & Shea, C. (1991). Prosocial development in adolescence: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 27, 849-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.849
Escobar, J. & Cuervo, A. (2008). Validez de contenido y juicio de expertos: una aproximación a su utilización. Avances en Medición, 6, 27–36.
Fernández, A. M., Dufey, M. & Kramp, U. (2011). Testing the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) in Chile. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 179–185. http://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000065
Fernández-Pinto, I., López-Pérez, B. & Márquez, M. (2008). Empatía: Medidas, teorías y aplicaciones en revisión. Anales de Psicología, 24(2), 284-298.
Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an Empathy Scale. Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027580
Horn, J. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Ingoglia S., Lo Coco A. & Albiero P. (2016). Development of a brief form of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (B-IRI). Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(5), 461-471. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1149858
Jöreskog, Karl. & Sörbom, D. (2009). LISREL 8.8: User’s Reference Guide, Scientific Software International, SSI. Lincolnwood: USA.
Koller, S.H., Camino, C. & Ribeiro, J. (2001). Adaptação e validação interna de duas escalas de empatia para uso no Brasil. Estudos de Psicologia, 18(3), 43-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-166X2001000300004.
Kostić, J.S., Nešić, M., Stanković, M., Žikić, O. & Marković, J. (2016). Evaluating empathy in adolescents with conduct disorders. Vojnosanit Pregled, 73(5), 429–434. http://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150121031K
Ley 1090 6 de Septiembre de 2006. (2006). Por la cual se reglamenta el ejercicio de la profesión de psicología, se dicta el código deontológico y bioético y otras disposiciones. Bogotá: Ministerio de Educación y Ministerio de Protección Social.
Limpo, T., Alves, R.A. & Catro, S.L. (2010). Medir a empatia: Adaptação portuguesa do índice de reactividade interpessoal. Laboratório de Psicologia, 8(2), 171-184.
Lorenzo-Seva, U. & Ferrando, P.J. (2015). FACTOR 10.3.01. A comprehensive program for fitting exploratory and semiconfirmatory factor analysis and IRT models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(6), 497-498. http://doi.org/
1177/0146621613487794
Martin, F., Flasbeck, V., Brown, E.C. & Brüne, M. (2017). Altered mu-rhythm suppression in borderline personality disorder. Brain Research, 1659, 64–70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.023.
Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
Mehrabian, A. (1997). Analysis of affiliation-related traits in terms of the PAD Temperament Model. Journal of Psychology, 131,101-117. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223989709603508
Mestre, V., Frías, M. D. & Samper, P. (2004). La medida de la empatía: análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psicothema, 16(2), 255-260.
Mestre, V., Samper, P. & Frias, D. (2002). Procesos cognitivos y emocionales predictores de la conducta prosocial y agresiva: la empatía como factor modulador. Psicothema, 14, 227-232.
Mestre, V., Samper, P., Tur, A. & Díez, I. (2001). Estilos de crianza y desarrollo prosocial de los hijos. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 54, 691-703.
Mohamed Azahar, F.A., Mohd Fakri, N.M.R. & Mat Pa, M.N. (2014). Associations between gender, year of study and empathy level with attitudes towards animal welfare among undergraduate doctor of veterinary medicine students in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Education in Medicine Journal, 6(4), 66-73. http://doi.org/10.5959/eimj.v6i4.320
Molina, M., Arikawa, H. & Templer, D.I. (2013). Approval versus disapproval of dog-fighting and cockfighting among college students. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 41(2), 345-352.
Montag, C., Brockmann, E.M., Lehmann, A, Müller, D.J., Rujescu, D. & Gallinat, J. (2012). Association between oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms and self-rated ‘empathic concern’ in Schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 7(12), e51882. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051882
Montero, I. & León, O.G. (2007). A guide for naming research studies in Psychology. International Journal of clinical and Health Psychology, 7(3), 847-862.
Pérez-Albéniz, A., de Paul, J., Etxeberría, J., Paz, M. & Torres, E. (2003). Adaptación de Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) al español. Psicothema,15(2), 267-272.
Pulos, S., Elison, J. & Lennon, R. (2004). The hierarchical structure of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 355-360. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.4.355
Resolución 8430 de 1993. (1993). Normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Ministerio de Salud. Colombia.
Sampaio, L.R., Guimarães, P.R.B., Camino, C.P.S., Formiga, N.S. & Menezes, I.G. (2011). Estudos sobre a dimensionalidade da empatia: Tradução e adaptação do Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Psico, 42(1), 67-76.
Samper, P., Díez, E. & Martí, M. (1998). Razonamiento moral y empatía. I jornada de psicología del pensamiento. Universidade de santiago de Compostela, 389-404.
Solano-Flores, G., Contreras-Niño, L.A. & Backhoff, E. (2006). Traducción y adaptación de pruebas: Lecciones aprendidas y recomendaciones para países participantes en TIMSS, PISA y otras comparaciones internacionales. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa (REDIE), 8(2), 2–21.
Song, Y. & Shi, M. (2017). Associations between empathy and big five personality traits among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PLoS ONE 12(2), e0171665. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0171665
Statistic Package for Social Sciences (2013). IBM-SPSS for Windows, version 22.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
Stratton, T.D., Saunders, J.A. & Elam, C.L. (2008). Changes in medical students’ emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 20(3), 279–284. http://doi.org/10.1080/10401330802199625
Tamura, A., Sugiura, Y., Sugiura, T. & Moriya, J. (2016). Attention moderates the relationship between primary psychopathy and affective empathy in undergraduate students. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 608–629. http://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116667699
Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Dong, F., Chen, L., Zheng, L., Guo, X. & Li, J. (2014). Anterior insula GABA levels correlate with emotional aspects of empathy: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e113845. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113845
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Reynel Chaparro, Carlos Alejandro Pineda-Roa